1. Martin Luther- He started the Protestant Revolution. After living in a monastery for several years, Luther did not feel closer to God. He did not believe in indulgences (pay money to receive forgiveness of sins). He also thought the way to salvation was by faith alone. God’s righteousness could be achieved through belief and trust in Christ alone. People served God in his or her calling. He opposed the corruption of the Catholic Church. Luther is best known for his Ninety-Five Theses nailed to the church doors, which was a list of all the things the Catholic Church should change. He denied the authority of the Pope and was told to recant what he said and wrote. When he refused, he was excommunicated and kicked out of the church in 1521.
2. John Calvin- He started Calvinism. Calvin spent much of his time in Geneva. He introduced the idea of predestination (salvation is decided before you are born). He shared many ideas with Luther, but though the church should be ruled by the state. Humans were given no free will. God predetermines your fate and the “elect” would dedicate their lives to serving God.
3. Henry VIII- He started the Church of England (Anglican Church). He had many wives including Catherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn. When he wanted to marry Anne Boleyn and the Pope refused to annul his marriage to Catherine, Henry decided to break away and create his own church. It was not truly Protestant and stayed true to conservative religious beliefs. He had three children from his different wives (Edward, Mary, and Elizabeth) who all ruled England after his death with different religious views.
4. Ulrich Zwingli- He was the elected people’s priest in Zurich (Switzerland). Zwingli wanted to follow Erasmus and his basic Christian beliefs. He believed the Bible, not the Catholic hierarchy and tradition, was the sole source of Christian authority. He challenged the sale of indulgences and religious superstitions. Zwingli was a major figure of the Reformation of Switzerland/ the Swiss Reformation. 5. John Knox- He studied with Calvin and created the Church of Scotland (Presbyterian Church). The minister would run the church and was very congregational. They were considered Calvinists and followed the Book of Order. 6. Ignatius Loyola- He was the founder of the Jesuits and known as a heroic figure. The church recognized the Jesuits in 1540. It was also known as the Society of Jesus that went from ten original members to more than 15,000. Loyola wanted to serve the church as a soldier of Christ. He also created the Spiritual Exercises that was a devotional guide containing mental and emotional exercises designed to teach one absolute spiritual self-mastery over one's feelings. The Jesuit belief was that people could shape their own behavior through disciplined study and regular practice. Loyola wanted to teach good Catholics to deny themselves and submit to higher church authority and spiritual direction. This was part of the counter-reformation.
7. Archbishop Albert (Albrecht)- (of Mainz) He needed revenues because of large debts he had acquired to gain a papal dispensation to hold three ecclesiastical appointments at the same time. The selling of indulgences became a joint gamble between Albert, the Augsburg banking house of Fugger, and Pope Leo X. Half of the proceeds went to the Pope and the other half went to Albert and his creditors.
8. Charles V- Also known as Charles I of Spain, Charles V became the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. He was part of the Habsburg family and invited Luther to a diet to recant his religious view in front of everyone. Charles V was nervous that he did not recant and that people were beginning to follow his ideas. He wanted religion to be the same throughout his empire.
9. Christian III- He was the king of Denmark. After seeing Luther's arguement at the Diet of Worms, he openly supported him. When the Reformation reached Denmark, the country was greatly influenced by it. Lutheranism became the official state religion.
10. Pope Paul III- He was the Pope of the Roman Catholic Church. He was the first Pope of the Counter-Reformation. After new Catholic religious orders and societies attracted a huge following, he decided to form the Council of Trent.
Important Concepts 1. the Reformation- the sixteenth: century religious movement that sought to reform the Roman Catholic Church and led to the establishment of Protestantism 2. the everyday language spoken by the people as opposed to Latin 3. indulgence: remission of the temporal penalty of punishment in purgatory that remained after sins had been forgiven 4. predestination: salvation is decided for you before you are born 5. Anabaptists: Protestants who insisted that only adult baptism conformed to Scripture; they were universally hated 6. Augsburg Confession: the definitive statement of Lutheran belief made in 1530 7. Act of Supremacy: the declaration by Parliament in 1534 that Henry VIII, not the pope, was the head of the church in England 8. salvation: deliverance from the power and penalty of sin; redemption 9. pluralism: priests having multiple diocese in order to earn money; a group of churches under one priest's rule 10. absenteeism: when priests and bishops never visit their churches, mostly due to pluralism 11. the three Protestant sacraments: baptism, metaphoric Eucharist, and penance without a priest 12. Lutheranism: said salvation was brought by faith alone, the authority is in the scriptures, the church is the entire community, and God giver everyone a destiny and they are all equal 13. Peace of Augsburg: stated each prince in Germany would determine its own religion so everyone can follow their priest or leave 14. Calvinism: humanity is weak, God is all-powerful, predestination made followers try harder to prove they were the "chosen ones," life was supposed to be lived as a series of hardships; very serious and strict new religion
People:
1. Martin Luther- He started the Protestant Revolution. After living in a monastery for several years, Luther did not feel closer to God. He did not believe in indulgences (pay money to receive forgiveness of sins). He also thought the way to salvation was by faith alone. God’s righteousness could be achieved through belief and trust in Christ alone. People served God in his or her calling. He opposed the corruption of the Catholic Church. Luther is best known for his Ninety-Five Theses nailed to the church doors, which was a list of all the things the Catholic Church should change. He denied the authority of the Pope and was told to recant what he said and wrote. When he refused, he was excommunicated and kicked out of the church in 1521.
2. John Calvin- He started Calvinism. Calvin spent much of his time in Geneva. He introduced the idea of predestination (salvation is decided before you are born). He shared many ideas with Luther, but though the church should be ruled by the state. Humans were given no free will. God predetermines your fate and the “elect” would dedicate their lives to serving God.
3. Henry VIII- He started the Church of England (Anglican Church). He had many wives including Catherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn. When he wanted to marry Anne Boleyn and the Pope refused to annul his marriage to Catherine, Henry decided to break away and create his own church. It was not truly Protestant and stayed true to conservative religious beliefs. He had three children from his different wives (Edward, Mary, and Elizabeth) who all ruled England after his death with different religious views.
4. Ulrich Zwingli- He was the elected people’s priest in Zurich (Switzerland). Zwingli wanted to follow Erasmus and his basic Christian beliefs. He believed the Bible, not the Catholic hierarchy and tradition, was the sole source of Christian authority. He challenged the sale of indulgences and religious superstitions. Zwingli was a major figure of the Reformation of Switzerland/ the Swiss Reformation.
5. John Knox- He studied with Calvin and created the Church of Scotland (Presbyterian Church). The minister would run the church and was very congregational. They were considered Calvinists and followed the Book of Order.
6. Ignatius Loyola- He was the founder of the Jesuits and known as a heroic figure. The church recognized the Jesuits in 1540. It was also known as the Society of Jesus that went from ten original members to more than 15,000. Loyola wanted to serve the church as a soldier of Christ. He also created the Spiritual Exercises that was a devotional guide containing mental and emotional exercises designed to teach one absolute spiritual self-mastery over one's feelings. The Jesuit belief was that people could shape their own behavior through disciplined study and regular practice. Loyola wanted to teach good Catholics to deny themselves and submit to higher church authority and spiritual direction. This was part of the counter-reformation.
7. Archbishop Albert (Albrecht)- (of Mainz) He needed revenues because of large debts he had acquired to gain a papal dispensation to hold three ecclesiastical appointments at the same time. The selling of indulgences became a joint gamble between Albert, the Augsburg banking house of Fugger, and Pope Leo X. Half of the proceeds went to the Pope and the other half went to Albert and his creditors.
8. Charles V- Also known as Charles I of Spain, Charles V became the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. He was part of the Habsburg family and invited Luther to a diet to recant his religious view in front of everyone. Charles V was nervous that he did not recant and that people were beginning to follow his ideas. He wanted religion to be the same throughout his empire.
9. Christian III- He was the king of Denmark. After seeing Luther's arguement at the Diet of Worms, he openly supported him. When the Reformation reached Denmark, the country was greatly influenced by it. Lutheranism became the official state religion.
10. Pope Paul III- He was the Pope of the Roman Catholic Church. He was the first Pope of the Counter-Reformation. After new Catholic religious orders and societies attracted a huge following, he decided to form the Council of Trent.
Important Concepts
1. the Reformation- the sixteenth: century religious movement that sought to reform the Roman Catholic Church and led to the establishment of Protestantism
2. the everyday language spoken by the people as opposed to Latin
3. indulgence: remission of the temporal penalty of punishment in purgatory that remained after sins had been forgiven
4. predestination: salvation is decided for you before you are born
5. Anabaptists: Protestants who insisted that only adult baptism conformed to Scripture; they were universally hated
6. Augsburg Confession: the definitive statement of Lutheran belief made in 1530
7. Act of Supremacy: the declaration by Parliament in 1534 that Henry VIII, not the pope, was the head of the church in England
8. salvation: deliverance from the power and penalty of sin; redemption
9. pluralism: priests having multiple diocese in order to earn money; a group of churches under one priest's rule
10. absenteeism: when priests and bishops never visit their churches, mostly due to pluralism
11. the three Protestant sacraments: baptism, metaphoric Eucharist, and penance without a priest
12. Lutheranism: said salvation was brought by faith alone, the authority is in the scriptures, the church is the entire community, and God giver everyone a destiny and they are all equal
13. Peace of Augsburg: stated each prince in Germany would determine its own religion so everyone can follow their priest or leave
14. Calvinism: humanity is weak, God is all-powerful, predestination made followers try harder to prove they were the "chosen ones," life was supposed to be lived as a series of hardships; very serious and strict new religion